Evaluation of Microbiological Susceptibility and Long-term Adhesive Properties to Dentin of Primers with Terminalia catappa Linn.

PURPOSE: To investigate the antibacterial effects of Terminalia catappa Linn (TCL) leaf extracts at different concentrations and the effects of these extracts used as primers on the long-term adhesive properties of two universal adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After extract preparation, the antimicrobial and antibacterial activities of TCL against Streptococcus mutans (UA 159) were assessed in microdilution assays to provide the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Additionally, to provide quantitative data on the ability of TCL extract to reduce cell viability, colony forming units (CFU) were counted. To examine adhesive properties, 288 human molars were randomly assigned to 32 experimental conditions (n = 9) according to the following variables: (1) treatment agent: negative control (untreated surface), and primers at concentrations of 1xMIC, 5xMIC, and 10xMIC; (2) adhesives: Scotchbond Universal (SBU) and Futurabond Universal (FBU); (3) adhesive strategy: etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE); and (4) storage time: 24 h or after 2 years. Primers were applied for 60 s, upon which the teeth were incrementally restored and sectioned into adhesive-dentin bonded sticks. These were tested for microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) after 24-h and 2-year water storage, as well as in-situ degree of conversion (DC) at 24 h. The chemical profile of the hybrid layer was determined via micro-Raman spectroscopy. Biofilm assay data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test; the pH of culture media and the chemical profile were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The adhesive properties (µTBS, NL, DC) were evaluated using a four-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Similar values of MIC and MBC were observed (2 mg/ml), showing bactericidal potential. CFU analysis demonstrated that concentrations of 5xMIC and 10xMIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.001). The application of the TCL primer at all concentrations significantly increased the immediate µTBS and DC, and decreased the immediate NL values when compared to the control group (p < 0.05), regardless of the adhesive and adhesive strategies. Despite an increase in the NL values for all groups after 2 years (p > 0.05), in groups where the TCL primer was applied, the µTBS remained constant after 2 years for both adhesives, while a decrease in the µTBS was observed in the control groups (p < 0.05). Usually, 10xMIC showed better results than 1xMIC and 5xMIC (p < 0.05). The application of TCL promoted cross-linking; cross-linking rates increased proportionally to the concentration of TCL (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Primers containing TCL promoted bactericidal and bacteriostatic action, as well as cross-linking with dentin, while maintaining the adhesive properties of the adhesive-dentin interface after 2 years of water storage.

Cytotoxic effect of dental luting cement on human gingival mesenchymal stem cell and evaluation of cytokines and growth factor release - An in vitro study.

AIM: In routine dental care, various dental luting cements are utilized to cement the dental prosthesis. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the Cytotoxic effect of three different dental luting cements on human gingival mesenchymal stem cell and evaluation of cytokines and growth factors release. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cytotoxicity of glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and resin cement (RC) on the human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (HGMSCs) was evaluated. Amongst the cements tested, least cytotoxic cement was further tested for the release of cytokines and growth factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MTT test was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the dental luting cements at 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h on HGMSCs. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1α & IL 8 and growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor & transforming growth factor beta release from the least cytotoxic RC was evaluated using flow cytometry analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The mean absorbance values by MTT assay and cell viability at various time intervals between four groups were compared using a one way analysis of variance test and Tukey's post hoc test. The least cytotoxic RC group and the control group's mean levels of cytokines and growth factors were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULT: As exposure time increased, the dental luting cement examined in this study were cytotoxic. RC was the least cytotoxic, RMGIC was moderate and glass ionomer cement showed the highest cytotoxic effect. Concomitantly, a significant positive biological response of gingival mesenchymal stem cells with the release of ILs when exposed to the RC was observed. CONCLUSION: For a fixed dental prosthesis to be clinically successful over the long term, it is imperative that the biocompatibility of the luting cement be taken into account in order to maintain a healthy periodontium surrounding the restoration.

Effects of vehicles on the physical properties and biocompatibility of premixed calcium silicate cements.

Premixed calcium silicate cements (pCSCs) contain vehicles which endow fluidity and viscosity to CSCs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of three vehicles, namely, polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (PG), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of pCSCs. The setting time, solubility, expansion rate, and mechanical strength of the pCSCs were evaluated, and the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates was assessed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The effects of pCSC extracts on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated. Finally, the tissue compatibility of pCSCs in rat femurs was observed. CSC containing PEG (CSC-PEG) exhibited higher solubility and setting time, and CSC-DMSO showed the highest expansion rate and mechanical strength. All pCSCs generated calcium phosphate precipitates. The extract of CSC-PG induced the highest expressions of osteogenic markers along with the greatest calcium deposites. When implanted in rat femurs, CSC-PEG was absorbed considerably, whereas CSC-PG remained relatively unaltered inside the femur.

Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Bonding Performance and Ultra-morphological Characteristics to Sound Dentin.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and ultra-morphological characteristic changes in sound dentin resulting from silver diamine fluoride (SDF) when using adhesives. METHODS: Ninety-six extracted human third molars were divided into the SDF-contaminated dentin group and the sound dentin group. In the SDF-contaminated dentin group, 38% SDF was agitated for 1 min, left undisturbed for 2 min, and rinsed with distilled water for 30 s. Then, each group was further subdivided into six subgroups (n = 8 / group) according to application modes: self-etch mode (SE) and etch-and-rinse mode (ER) followed by three adhesives: (1) Scothbond Universal Plus Adhesive (SUP); (2) G2-Bond Universal Adhesive (G2B); and (3) Clearfil Mega Bond 2 (MB2). All specimens were restored with resin composite and were stored in distilled water for 24 h before µTBS testing. Data from the µTBS test were analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and Duncan test (p < 0.05). The morphology of fractured surface and adhesive-dentin interfaces were evaluated by SEM, TEM, and STEM. Further elemental analysis was done by EDX. RESULTS: All SDF-contaminated dentin groups demonstrated significantly lower µTBS than sound dentin groups. All ER groups had higher µTBS than SE groups, except for G2B in the sound dentin group. STEM/EDX revealed an SDF-dentin-reacted layer in the SDF-contaminated dentin group. SIGNIFICANCE: SDF had an adverse effect on adhesives. Additionally, ER mode is preferable when bonded to SDF-contaminated dentin. A calcium and fluoride-contained layer was observed in all SDF-contaminated dentin.

Effect of antioxidants on adhesive bond strength to bleached enamel.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of antioxidants (ATX) resveratrol, winter's bark, green tea and yerba mate on the bond strength between bleached enamel and the nanohybrid composite resin. METHODOLOGY: Bovine incisor crowns (n = 132) were randomly divided into 22 groups (n = 6) according to the application times (5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) of each antioxidant. Teeth restored without previous bleaching or ATX constituted the non-bleached control group (NB Ctrl) (n = 6), and teeth restored after bleaching and without ATX represented the bleached control group (B Ctrl) (n = 6). The 35 % hydrogen peroxide was applied for 45 min (3 application of 15 min) to the buccal enamel surface. ATX was used after bleaching for the specified time of each group and removed with air-water spray. The enamel was etched with 37 % phosphoric acid (30 s) and rinsed with air-water spray. The adhesive resin was applied to the enamel dry surface. Teeth were restored using 1 mm composite resin increments (10 × 10 × 3 mm) and sectioned in test specimens of 6 mm in length and 1 mm2 in cross-sectional area submitted to microtensile bond strength test (0.5 mm/min). The load (N) at failure was recorded, and the bond strength (σt) was calculated (MPa). The fracture area was analyzed under optical microscopy, and failures were classified as cohesive, mixed, or adhesive. Data was evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: B Ctrl group presented lower σt than NB Ctrl (p < 0.001). Applying resveratrol for 5 or 10 min, winter's bark for 10 or 15 min, green tea for less than 15 min, and yerba mate for 15 min provided similar σt between bleached enamel and nanohybrid composite to the control group. CONCLUSION: Restorative procedures performed immediately after tooth bleaching compromises adhesion. Experimental antioxidants applied to bleached enamel can increase the immediate bond strength of restorations performed directly after bleaching, with similar values to those observed in unbleached enamel. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents promising results to support the use of antioxidants on the recently bleached enamel to allow adhesive tooth restorations. The immediate bonding obtained using antioxidants was similar to the one achieved in non-bleached enamel in brief application times. Green tea extract and resveratrol were able to restore the bond strength to bleached enamel in a short application time of 5 min. The reduction in the required application time holds the potential to decrease the overall duration of the clinical section, offering clinical advantages and improving the feasibility of using antioxidants on the bleached enamel prior to adhesive procedures.

Chemical analysis of n-propyl gallate used as pre-treatment for resin-dentin bond strength: In vitro study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of n-propyl gallate as pre-treatment for resin-dentin bond strength. The dentin pre-treatments evaluated included propyl gallate of concentrations 0.1% (w/v), 1.0% (w/v), and 10.0% (w/v), as well as glutaraldehyde 5.0% (v/v), and distilled water as a control treatment. Dentin specimens were prepared for Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) (n = 3/pre-treatment). Pre-treatments were actively applied to dentin blocks before performing the adhesive procedure to composite resin. Microtensile bond strength to dentin (µTBS) (n = 8/pre-treatment) was determined after 24 h and 6 months of storage. Data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. As for FT-IR, propyl gallate 1%-treated specimens presented higher water, carbonate, collagen, and amide absorbance rates compared to other tested groups, while specimens pre-treated with glutaraldehyde and distilled water presented similar absorbance curves. Regarding µTBS, all concentrations of propyl gallate resulted in statistically significant higher bond strength values than distilled water at 24 h. After 6 months of storage, propyl gallate 0.1% was the only group that maintained µTBS over time. Propyl gallate 0.1% might be a suitable dentinal pre-treatment due to being able to present chemical bonds with demineralized dentin and providing resin-dentin bond stability after 6 months of storage.

Multifunctional Dental Adhesives Formulated with Silane-Coated Magnetic Fe3O4@m-SiO2 Core-Shell Particles to Counteract Adhesive Interfacial Breakdown.

The process of bonding to dentin is complex and dynamic, greatly impacting the longevity of dental restorations. The tooth/dental material interface is degraded by bacterial acids, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and hydrolysis. As a result, bonded dental restorations face reduced longevity due to adhesive interfacial breakdown, leading to leakage, tooth pain, recurrent caries, and costly restoration replacements. To address this issue, we synthesized and characterized a multifunctional magnetic platform, CHX@SiQuac@Fe3O4@m-SiO2, to provide several beneficial functions. The platform comprises Fe3O4 microparticles and chlorhexidine (CHX) encapsulated within mesoporous silica, which was silanized by an antibacterial quaternary ammonium silane (SiQuac). This platform simultaneously targets bacterial inhibition, stability of the hybrid layer, and enhanced filler infiltration by magnetic motion. Comprehensive experiments include X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, VSM, EDS, N2 adsorption-desorption (BET), transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Then, CHX@SiQuac@Fe3O4@m-SiO2 was incorporated into an experimental adhesive resin for dental bonding restorations, followed by immediate and long-term antibacterial assessment, cytotoxicity evaluation, and mechanical and bonding performance. The results confirmed the multifunctional nature of CHX@SiQuac@Fe3O4@m-SiO2. This work outlined a roadmap for (1) designing and tuning an adhesive formulation containing the new platform CHX@SiQuac@Fe3O4@m-SiO2; (2) assessing microtensile bond strength to dentin using a clinically relevant model of simulated hydrostatic pulpal pressure; and (3) investigating the antibacterial outcome performance of the particles when embedded into the formulated adhesives over time. The results showed that at 4 wt % of CHX@SiQuac@Fe3O4@m-SiO2-doped adhesive under the guided magnetic field, the bond strength increased by 28%. CHX@SiQuac@Fe3O4@m-SiO2 enhanced dentin adhesion in the magnetic guide bonding process without altering adhesive properties or causing cytotoxicity. This finding presents a promising method for strengthening the tooth/dental material interface's stability and extending the bonded restorations' lifespan.

The effect of the use of the deproteinization agent hypochlorous acid and two different pit and fissure sealant self-adhesive flowable composites upon its bonding with the enamel.

This study evaluates the effect of the deproteinization agents hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite upon the bonding of the two different pit and fissure sealant, self-adhesive flowable composites with the enamel. Thirty-six third molars were randomly divided into six different groups. The groups were formed as follows: Group 1: 37% phosphoric acid + VertiseTM Flow; Group 2: 200 ppm hypochlorous acid + 37% phosphoric acid VertiseTM Flow; Group 3: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite + 37% phosphoric acid + VertiseTM Flow; Group 4: 37% phosphoric acid + Constic; Group 5: 200 ppm hypochlorous acid + 37% phosphoric acid + Constic; Group 6: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite + 37% phosphoric acid + Constic. In each group, samples were obtained that were rectangular prisms in shape (n = 12). Groups to which a deproteinization agent was applied (Groups 2, 3 and 5, 6) showed statistically higher microtensile bonding strength than Group 1, Group 4. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of microtensile bonding strength values between the Groups 3 and the Group 6. The study found that the groups to which deproteinization agents were applied had statistically higher microtensile bonding strength values compared with those groups to which acid and fissure sealants were applied. In this study, it was concluded that the use of fissure-sealing self-adhesive flowable composites after acid application to permanent tooth enamel provides an acceptable bond strength given the limitations of in vitro studies. In line with the results obtained, it was observed that in addition to the removal of the inorganic structure with the application of acid, the removal of the organic structure with the use of deproteinization agent increased the bond strength to the enamel.

Influence of the combined effect of desensitizing dentifrices and universal adhesives on dentin bond strength under erosive conditions.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate whether the use of desensitizing dentifrices containing obliterating agents can affect bond strength of eroded/abraded dentin. METHODOLOGY: A total of 100 dentin samples were obtained from human molars. The teeth were cut into 3 mm-thickness discs and allocated in five groups (n=20), according to the toothpaste used: WoF - abrasion with fluoride-free toothpaste (Cocoricó); Arg - toothpaste containing arginine (Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief); Nov - calcium sodium phosphosilicate toothpaste (Sensodyne Repair and Protect); SnF - fluoride-containing toothpaste (AmF/SnCl2/SnF2 - Elmex Erosion); and Control (no erosive/abrasive process). The erosive/abrasive cycle consisted of immersion in citric acid (1%, pH 2.6, 5 min, 4×/day) and abrasion (2×/day, 120-20 sec abrasion, 100 sec immersion) with each toothpaste. During intervals, samples were immersed in artificial saliva. This cycle was performed for five days. Two resin cylinders (2 mm in diameter) were constructed on each sample for the shear bond strength test using a universal adhesive system. The self-etch and etch-and-rinse (Scotchbond Universal) strategies were employed, each in half of the total sample (n=10). Bond strength (MPa) was measured in a shear test and failure modes were assessed with a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the adhesive strategies tested (p<0.001), with the self-etching form showing higher values than the etch-and-rinse. Moreover, no significant differences were observed between the tested toothpastes (p=0.750) and interactions (p=0.438). CONCLUSION: The use of toothpaste containing obliterating agents does not affect bond strength to dentin subjected to erosive/abrasive conditions when a universal adhesive is used. However, the self-etch strategy might be preferred for eroded/abraded dentin.

Chemomechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Various Premixed Putty-type Bioactive Ceramic Cements.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the chemomechanical properties and biocompatibility of recently introduced premixed putty-type bioactive ceramic cements (PPBCs). METHODS: Including ProRoot MTA (PMTA) as a control, BC RRM fast-set putty (BCPT), Well-Root PT (WRPT), One-Fil PT (OFPT), and Endocem MTA premixed (ECPM) were compared to evaluate setting time, radiopacity, pH change, and microhardness. Biocompatibility on human dental pulp cells was compared using CCK-8 assay. Mineralization potential was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase activity, Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with odontogenic gene marker. For data analysis, 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of 95%. RESULTS: Among the PPBCs, BCPT presented the longest (552 ± 27) setting time (minutes) and others showed significantly shorter time than PMTA (334 ± 22) (P < .05). WRPT (6.20 ± 0.54) and OFPT (5.82 ± 0.50) showed significantly higher radiopacity values (mmAl) and others showed similar value compared with PMTA (P > .05). All PPBCs showed high alkaline pH from fresh materials and tended to increase according to time periods from 30 minutes to 12 hours. ECPM showed the highest value of microhardness (81.62 ± 5.90), WRPT showed similar, and others showed lower than PMTA (P < .05). All PPBCs showed biocompatibility in CCK-8 assay. All PPBCs showed similar or better value compared with PMTA in ALP and ARS staining, and ALP and DSPP marker expression (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The PPBCs showed clinically acceptable chemomechanical properties and favorable mineralization potential.

Calcium phosphate cement with minocycline hydrochloride-loaded gelatine microspheres for peri-implantitis treatment.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to fabricate an antibacterial calcium phosphate cement (CPC) with minocycline hydrochloride (MINO)-loaded gelatine microspheres (GMs) as a local drug delivery system for the treatment of peri­implantitis. METHODS: CPC/GMs(MINO), incorporating MINO-loaded GMs into CPC, was developed and characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and drug release profiling. The antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum was evaluated. Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured in the extracts of the developed cements to evaluate osteoinductivity in vitro. Furthermore, a rabbit femoral model was established to evaluate osteogenic ability in vivo. RESULTS: SEM and XRD confirmed the porous structure and chemical stability of CPC/GMs(MINO). The release profile showed a sustained release of MINO from CPC/GMs(MINO), reaching an equilibrium state on the 14th day with a cumulative release ratio of approximately 84%. For antibacterial assays, the inhibition zone of CPC/GMs(MINO) was 3.67 ± 0.31 cm for P. gingivalis and 7.47 ± 0.50 cm for F. nucleatum. Most bacteria seeded on CPC/GMs(MINO) died after 24 h of culture. In addition, CPC/GMs(MINO) significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, osteogenic gene expression, and BMSC mineralisation compared with CPC/GMs and the control group (P < 0.05). The in vivo results showed that CPC/GMs(MINO) possessed a higher quality and quantity of bone formation and maturation than CPC/GMs and CPC. CONCLUSIONS: CPC/GMs(MINO) showed excellent antibacterial activity against pathogens associated with peri­implantitis and demonstrated good osteoinductivity and osteogenic ability. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Peri-implantitis is among the most common and challenging biological complications associated with dental implants. In this study, MINO-loaded GMs were incorporated into CPC, which endowed the composite cement with excellent antibacterial and osteogenic abilities, demonstrating its potential as a bone graft substitute for treating peri­implantitis.

Glutaraldehyde-based desensitizers' influence on bonding performances and dentin enzymatic activity of universal adhesives.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of two glutaraldehyde-based desensitizers (L: GLUMA Desensitizer, Heraeus Kulzer and G: GLUMA Desensitizer PowerGel) prior to the adhesive procedures on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin and endogenous enzymatic activity. METHODS: Noncarious human third molars (N = 48) were cut to expose middle coronal dentin. Six experimental groups were formed according to the dentin pre-treatment (L or G) and the universal adhesives (IBU - iBond universal, Kulzer or AU - Adhese Universal, Ivoclar Vivadent) used in the self-etch mode (n = 8): 1) L/IBU; 2) G/IBU; 3) IBU; 4) L/AU; 5) G/AU; 6) AU. Specimens were cut into sticks and stressed until failure after 24 h (T0) or 1 yr of aging (T12). Additional 4 teeth were used for in situ zymography evaluation and data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Dentin pre-treatment, adhesive and aging statistically influenced bond strength and enzymatic activity (P<0.001). AU demonstrated higher bond strength values than IBU (P<0.001). The L resulted in higher bond strength compared to the G and control groups (P<0.001). aging statistically influenced bonding performance, especially when no dentin pre-treatment was performed (P<0.001). In situ zymography revealed that at baseline the control groups exhibited lower interfacial fluorescence compared to the experimental groups, irrespective of the adhesive used (P<0,001). However, after 1 yr of artificial storage, no differences were found among the groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Glutharldeadeyde-based products increased bond strength and determined a stabilization of the adhesive interface over time apparently not related to the MMPs inhibition. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this in vitro study suggest that the application of glutaraldehyde-based desensitizers prior to the adhesive procedures when associated with universal adhesives could result in increased bond strength and stabilization of the adhesive interface over time.

Evaluation of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of a newly developed bioceramic cement derived from cockle shells: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Tricalcium silicate is the main component of commercial bioceramic cements that are widely used in endodontic treatment. Calcium carbonate, which is manufactured from limestone, is one of the substrates of tricalcium silicate. To avoid the environmental impact of mining, calcium carbonate can be obtained from biological sources, such as shelled mollusks, one of which is cockle shell. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the chemical, physical, and biological properties of a newly developed bioceramic cement derived from cockle shell (BioCement) with those of a commercial tricalcium silicate cement (Biodentine). METHODS: BioCement was prepared from cockle shells and rice husk ash and its chemical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The physical properties were evaluated following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9917-1;2007 and 6876;2012. The pH was tested after 3 h to 8 weeks. The biological properties were assessed using extraction medium from BioCement and Biodentine on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) in vitro. The 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2 H-tetrazolium hydroxide assay was used to evaluate cell cytotoxicity following ISO 10993-5;2009. Cell migration was examined using a wound healing assay. Alizarin red staining was performed to detect osteogenic differentiation. The data were tested for a normal distribution. Once confirmed, the physical properties and pH data were analyzed using the independent t-test, and the biological property data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The main components of BioCement and Biodentine were calcium and silicon. BioCement's and Biodentine's setting time and compressive strength were not different. The radiopacity of BioCement and Biodentine was 5.00 and 3.92 mmAl, respectively (p < 0.05). BioCement's solubility was significantly higher than Biodentine. Both materials exhibited alkalinity (pH ranged from 9 to 12) and demonstrated > 90% cell viability with cell proliferation. The highest mineralization was found in the BioCement group at 7 days (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BioCement exhibited acceptable chemical and physical properties and was biocompatible to human dental pulp cells. BioCement promotes pulp cell migration and osteogenic differentiation.

Development of a new universal adhesive containing CPNE7-derived peptide and its potential role in reducing postoperative sensitivity.

Post-operative sensitivity (POS) is the most common clinical dental complaint after tooth preparation and resin-based composite restoration. In our previous study, copine 7 (CPNE7) and CPNE7-derived peptide (CPNE7-DP) induced in vitro odontoblast differentiation and in vivo dentin formation. Here, we incorporated CPNE7-DP into All-Bond Universal (ABU) adhesive, developing ABU/CPNE7-DP. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of reducing POS using ABU/CPNE7-DP. We first determined the stability of CPNE7-DP under low pH. Furthermore, we evaluated its dentinal tubule penetration, in vitro odontogenic differentiation potential, in vivo tertiary dentin formation and its effects on bonding performance. CPNE7-DP was stable at pH 1.2, even lower than ABU's pH of 3.2. ABU/CPNE7-DP can penetrate dentinal tubules, stimulate odontoblast differentiation in vitro and generate tertiary dentin with tubular structure in vivo without interfering with bonding performance. Therefore, ABU/CPNE7-DP may serve as a novel bioactive adhesive for reducing POS.

Functional evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate cement with choline dihydrogen phosphate.

To improve the cytocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement and its ability for reparative dentin formation, the effect of adding choline dihydrogen phosphate (CDHP), which is reported to be biocompatible, to MTA cement was investigated. The L929 cell proliferation showed that the addition of CDHP improved cell viability. The addition of CDHP shortened the setting time of MTA cement, with a significant decrease in consistency above 0.4 g/mL. Diametral tensile strength of the set cement was improved by the addition of 0.4 g/mL CDHP. Solubility was judged to be within the range of clinical application. The spontaneous precipitation of low crystalline hydroxyapatite was examined by immersing the set cement in phosphate buffer saline, and it was found that the ability of the cement with 0.4 g/mL of CDHP was significantly improved compared with that of the cement without CDHP.

The Effect of Ethanol Associated with Universal Adhesive on Resin Composite Adhesion to Different Dentin Depths: A Long-Term In Vitro Study.

To evaluate the ethanol wet-bonding protocol with a universal adhesive in etch-andrinse and self-etch modes on microleakage and microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of resin composite to different dentin depth. Molars were distributed into groups according to protocol and dentin depth: universal adhesive (C - control), ethanol + universal adhesive (E), and phosphoric acid etch + ethanol + universal adhesive (PA+E). All protocols were applied to dentin at superficial, middle and deep depths. The specimens (n = 10) were submitted to microleakage and µTBS tests. Half of specimens were submitted to thermocycling (10,000 cycles; 5∘C/55∘C). Data were submitted to Spearman correlation (µTBS x microleakage) and three-way ANOVA (protocol, aging and depth), followed by Bonferroni post hoc test (α=0.05). PA+E group showed highest µTBS and lowest microleakage mean values in 24h. All groups presented similar µTBS mean values after thermocycling. The deep dentin showed less stable µTBS results. PA+E group presented highest microleakage mean values after thermocycling. Spearman's correlation showed a strong correlation between microleakage and µTBS. The PA+E group improved immediate adhesion and E group promoted a more stable µTBS in the long-term adhesion of universal adhesive. The aging for all protocols jeopardized the stability of the hybrid layer. The ethanol wet bonding technique associated with universal adhesive has enhanced the immediate result of the resin composite adhesion.

Physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of nano-calcium silicate-based cements: a systematic review.

This systematic review evaluated the effects of nano-sized cement particles on the properties of calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs). Using defined keywords, a literature search was conducted to identify studies that investigated properties of nano-calcium silicate-based cements (NCSCs). A total of 17 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that NCSC formulations have favourable physical (setting time, pH and solubility), mechanical (push out bond strength, compressive strength and indentation hardness) and biological (bone regeneration and foreign body reaction) properties compared with commonly used CSCs. However, the characterization and verification for the nano-particle size of NCSCs were deficient in some studies. Furthermore, the nanosizing was not limited to the cement particles and a number of additives were present. In conclusion, the evidence available for the properties of CSC particles in the nano-range is deficient-such properties could be a result of additives which may have enhanced the properties of the material.

Effect of intra-radicular cleaning protocols after post-space preparation on marginal adaptation of a luting agent to root dentin.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intra-radicular cleaning protocols after post-space preparation (PSP) on marginal adaptation of a luting agent to root dentin. METHODS: Eighty bovine incisors were sectioned transversely to obtain 18-mm-long root sections. The roots were prepared with ProTaper instruments and filled using Tagger's hybrid technique. PSP was performed at a length of 14 mm using #3-5 Largo drills. The roots were distributed into eight groups according to the chelating solution used (17% EDTA or 0.2% Chitosan) and the chelating activation/delivery method employed (conventional needle irrigation [CNI], EndoActivator [EA], XP-Endo Finisher [XPF] or passive ultrasonic irrigation [PUI]). The fiber posts were cemented using self-adhesive resin cement, and the roots were sectioned to obtain three discs from each root third. The dentin discs were observed under an optical microscope at ×40 magnification to assess marginal adaptation. The different protocols were compared considering the frequency of the marginal adaptation scores using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test (α = 5%). RESULTS: The use of 17% EDTA resulted in better marginal adaptation (P < 0.001). PUI yielded results that were similar to those for EA (P = 0.949) and superior to those for XPF (P = 0.020). The combination of 17% EDTA + PUI provided a greater number of interfaces without marginal gaps (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The cleaning protocol influenced the marginal adaptation of resin cement to root dentin.

Silver nanoparticles in denture adhesive: An antimicrobial approach against Candida albicans.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized using three different routes (ultraviolet light, Turkevich, and green chemistry method using Glycine max extract) associated with COREGA® denture powder adhesive. METHODS: Heat-cured acrylic resin specimens were treated with different Ag NPs associated with the adhesive (AD + Ag UV, AD + Ag Turk, and AD + Ag Gm groups). As controls, the specimens were treated with a combination of adhesive and nystatin (AD + Nyst group), only adhesive (AD group), or submerged on the surface of the specimens (PBS group). After the treatments, biofilms of C. albicans developed for 3, 6, and 12 h on the specimen surfaces. The biofilm was quantified using colony-forming units per milliliter, colorimetric assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: Regardless of the period, we observed an inhibition of fungal load and a reduction in metabolic activity and biofilm mass in the resin specimens treated with the combinations AD/Ag NPs, compared to AD and PBS. The antimicrobial action of the AD + Turk and AD + Ag Gm groups was similar than that for the AD + Nyst group in all periods and viability tests, except for the biofilm mass (12 h). CONCLUSIONS: The COREGA® adhesive with Ag NPs, mainly those synthesized using the Turkevich and Glycine max methods, showed excellent antimicrobial activity against C. albicans biofilms, maintained for up to 12 h. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The association of Ag NPs to the adhesive can add preventive or therapeutic effects against denture stomatitis, to this prosthetic material.

[Adhesive bonding on the endodontically treated tooth]. / Adhesieve hechting aan het endodontisch behandelde gebitselement.

Endodontic irrigants negatively influence the physical properties of dentine. The effect of sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the bond strength to dentine was investigated in a systematic review. Inclusion criteria were the following: a microtensile or microshear test, the irrigants sodium hypochlorite and/or EDTA, an irrigation time of ≥ 5 minutes of sodium hypochlorite, an irrigation protocol for endodontic treatment, human dentine, the presence of a control group and no post space preparation. Of the 188 eligible articles, 13 were suitable for inclusion. There was strong evidence that rinsing with sodium hypochlorite and also additional rinsing minutes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid leads to minimum bond strength to dentin for a two-step self-etching adhesive. For a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive, the bond strength is approximately significant after rinsing with sodium hypochlorite (rinsing time: 10-60 minutes).